Compilation of long essay questions.
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- Explain the structure of bacterial cell with the aid of a neatly labelled diagram. Also mention
the roles of these structures and methods of their detection.
- Define sterilization. Classify various methods of sterilization with suitable examples.
- Define disinfection. Classify various methods of disinfection with suitable examples.
- What are culture media. Classify the types of culture media with examples and their uses.
- Describe the various methods of horizontal gene transfer among bacteria and mention their
significance.
- Enlist the virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus. Describe the various conditions caused by
this bacterium along with their laboratory diagnosis.
- Classify Streptococci. Describe the virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes along with the
lesions produced and the laboratory diagnosis.
- Enumerate the pyogenic bacteria. Describe the procedure involved in the diagnosis of any
suppurative infection.
- What is pyogenic meningitis? Enlist the various etiological agents and describe the
pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of Neisseria meningitis.
- Which are the bacterial STDs? Write the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of
gonorrhoea.
- Name the infections produced by pneumococcus. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis,
treatment and prophylaxis of pneumococal pneumonia.
- Classify Mycobacteria. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and
prophylaxis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
- Enlist the bacterial zoonotic diseases. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis,
treatment and prophylaxis of anthrax.
- Define Pyrexia of Unknown Origin. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment
of brucellosis.
- Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of diphtheria.
- Classify Clostridia. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis
of gas gangrene.
- Classify the non-sporing anaerobes. Describe the various infections produced by them and the
strategies adopted to culture them.
- Classify Enterobacteriaceae. Mention the various infections produced by Escherichia coli.
Describe the laboratory diagnosis and treatment of acute cystitis.
- Name the bacteria capable of causing dysentery. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis
and treatment of bacillary dysentery.
- Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of enteric
fever.
- Enumerate the bacteria causing gastroenteritis. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis,
treatment and prophylaxis of cholera.
- What is meant by nosocomial infection? Which are common nosocomial pathogens? Describe the
various infections produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- Name the bacterial etiolgical agents of food-poisoning. Describe the strategy involved in
diagnosing outbreaks of food-poisoning.
- Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of plague.
- Describe the pathogenesis, classification, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of leprosy.
- Name the bacterial STDs. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of
syphilis.
- Classify treponemes. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of
leptospirosis.
- Classify Rickettsiae. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of
spotted fevers.
- Classify Chlamydia. Describe the various infections produced by C. trachomatis along with its
laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
- Classify fungi and their diseases. Describe the procedures involved in laboratory diagnosis of
mycoses.
- What are dermatophytes? Enlist the various dermatophytic infections along with their etiological
agents. Describe the process of laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
- Name the sub-cutaneous fungal infections along with their etiological agent. Describe the
pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of eumycotic mycetoma.
- Name the systemic fungal infections along with their etiological agent. Describe the
pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of histoplasmosis.
- Enumerate the opportunistic fungal infections along with their etiological agent. Describe the
pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of candidiasis.
- Classify viruses. Describe the strategies adopted in the laboratory diagnosis of viral
infections.
- Classify Herpes viruses. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of HSV
infections.
- Name the viruses causing hepatitis. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prophylaxis
and treatment of HBV infection.
- Classify arboviruses. Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of dengue.
- Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and prophylaxis of rabies.
- Enlist the oncogenic viruses. Describe the mechanism of oncogenic transformation.
- Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of HIV infection.
- Name the virus transmitted parenterally. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and
treatment of HCV.
- Name the sexually transmitted viral infections and their etiological agents. Describe the
pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of papilloma virus.
- Enlist the viruses causing respiratory tract infections. Describe the pathogenesis and
laboratory diagnosis of influenza.
- Name the viral diseases of childhood. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis
and prophylaxis of measles.
- Name the opportunistic viral diseases. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and
treatment of CMV infections.
- Classify Picornaviridae. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of
polio.
- Enumerate the nematodes infesting intestine. Describe the life cycle, laboratory diagnosis and
treatment of roundworm/hookworm/pinworm.
- Classify tapeworms. Describe the life cycle, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of conditions
produced by tapeworm.
- Describe the life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of entamoeba
infection.
- Describe the etiology, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of
toxoplasmosis.
- Name the parasites causing infections in the immunocompromised. Describe the pathogenesis and
laboratory diagnosis of Cryptosporidium.
- Name the species of Plasmodium and differentiate their features. Describe the life cycle,
laboratory diagnosis and treatment of malaria.
- Name the filarial nematodes. Describe the life cycle, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of
bancroftian filariasis.
- Name the parasites causing infection of the nervous system. Describe the life cycle, laboratory
diagnosis and treatment of Acanthamoeba infection.
- Classify antigen-antibody reactions. Describe the various types of agglutination/precipitation
reactions along with examples.
- Draw a neat and labelled diagram of an IgG molecule. Describe the properties of all the classes
of immunoglobulins.
- Describe the cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Describe their role in innate immunity.
- Classify immunity. Describe the various mechanism of innate/acquired immunity.
- Classify hypersensitivity reactions. Describe the mechanism of action of Immediate/Delayed
hypersensitivity reactions.
- What is autoimmunity. Describe the pathogenesis of various autoimmune disorders and tests
employed to detect them.
- What are immunodeficiency disorders? Describe briefly the various T-cell/B-cell related
immunodeficiencies.
- What is the basis of humoral/cell-mediated immune response? Describe the process with an
illustration.
- Classify vaccines. Write notes on various vaccines administered as per national immunization
programme.
- Draw the two common complement activation pathways and describe the importance of complement in
health and disease.
Compilation of short essay questions.
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- Contributions of Louis Pasteur
- Contributions of Robert Koch
- Koch’s postulates
- Nobel Prize winners related to microbiology
- Morphological forms of bacteria
- Bacterial spore
- Flagella
- Bacterial cell wall
- Bacterial capsule
- Intracytoplasmic inclusions
- L-forms
- Pili
- Biofilm
- Endotoxin
- Differences between endotoxin and exotoxin
- Bacteriocine
- Darkground staining
- Negative staining
- Phase-contrast microscope
- Electron microscope
- Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
- Antiseptics
- Quaternary ammonium compounds
- Chemisterilants
- Autoclave
- Hot air oven
- Tyndallization
- Inspissation
- Pasteurization
- Surface-active agents
- Sterilization controls
- Biosafety
- Selective media
- Enriched media
- McConkey’s agar
- Anaerobic culture media
- Biphasic media
- Transport media
- Bacterial growth curve
- Conjugation
- Transduction
- Transposons/jumping genes
- Mutation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Plasmid
- String test
- Phage typing
- Biological safety cabinets
- Staphylococcal toxins
- Superantigen
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Coagulase test
- Catalase test
- MRSA
- Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
- Coagulase Negative Staphylococci
- ASO test
- Flesh eating bacteria
- CAMP test
- Enterococci
- Viridans Streptococci
- Quellung reaction
- C-Reaction Protein (CRP)
- Pneumococcal vaccine
- Meningococcal vaccine
- Oxidase test
- Non-gonoccal urethritis (NGU)/ Non-specific urethritis
- Elek’s test
- Lysogenic conversion
- Diphtheroids
- Toxigenicity tests for Corynebactium diphtheria
- DPT vaccine
- Malignant pustule
- Hide Porter’s disease
- Nagler reaction
- Litmus milk test/Stormy clot
- Toxins of Clostridium perfringens
- Antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis
- Bacterioides
- Actinomycosis
- Bacterial vaginosis
- McIntosh Filde’s Jar/GasPak system
- Bacterial normal flora
- Traveler’s diarrhea
- ETEC/EIEC/EHEC/EPEC
- Presumptive coliform count
- Diarrheagenic E. coli
- Serodiagnosis of typhoid fever/Widal test
- Halophilic Vibrios
- Kanagawa phenomenon
- Bacterial pigments
- Meliodosis
- Cat scratch disease
- Rat bite fever
- X and V factor
- Satellitism
- Chancroid
- HACEK bacteria
- Acellular pertussis vaccine
- Q fever
- Drug resistance in M. tuberculosis/MDR-TB/XDR-TB
- Acid Fast Staining
- BCG vaccine
- Tuberculin test
- Lepromin test
- RNTCP guidelines on diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
- Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
- MOTT/NTM
- VDRL/RPR test
- Specific Treponemal tests
- Non-venereal Treponematosis
- Lyme’s disease
- Vincent’s angina/Fusospirochetosis
- Ludwig’s angina
- Nocardia
- Helicobacter pylori
- PPLO
- Weil-Felix test
- Trachoma
- Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
- Bacterial infections of the eye
- Antifungal drugs
- Mycetism/Mycotoxicosis
- Fungal culture media
- Dermatophytes
- Candidiasis
- Cryptococcosis
- Dimorphic fungi
- Aspergillosis
- Id reaction
- Dematiaceous fungi
- Mycetoma
- Rhinosporidiosis
- Sporotrichosis
- Histoplasmosis
- Fungal spores
- Viral replication
- Cultivation of viruses
- Viral morphology
- Interferon
- Inclusion bodies
- Negri body
- Cell culture/Tissue culture
- Bacteriophage
- Viral vaccines
- Cytopathic effect
- Oncogenesis
- Burkitts’ lymphoma
- Viral latency
- Prion diseases
- Delta virus
- HBsAg
- Immune response to Hepatitis virus
- HCV
- Rabies vaccines
- Ebola virus
- Dengue shock syndrome
- Diarrheal viruses
- Antiviral drugs
- Molluscum contagiosum
- HIV post-exposure prophylaxis
- Swine flue/Bird flu
- Chikungunya virus
- Emerging viral diseases
- AIDS
- SARS
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Varicella-zoster
- Complement
- B-cell/T-cell
- MHC restriction
- HLA system/typing
- Cytokines
- IgG/IgM/IgA/IgE
- Monoclonal antibody
- Immunofluorescence
- ELISA
- Immunodiffusion
- Heterophile tests
- Western Blot
- Southern Blot
- Abnormal immunoglobulins
- Class switching
- Lectin pathway
- Properdin pathway
- Phagocytes
- Tolerance
- Host vs Graft reaction
- Graft vs Host reaction
- Immunological surveillance
- DiGeorge’s syndrome
- Anaphylaxis
- NK cells/LGLs
- Complement deficiencies
- Coomb’s test